Freedom Riders By Rosa Parks Actions And Advised By Martin...

Freedom riders fought for racial equality among African Americans in America in the 1960’s. Their purpose was to first stop segregation of transportation, and then later expand to racial equality everywhere. They were inspired by Rosa parks actions and advised by Martin Luther King Jr. The freedom riders protests lasted 7 months with about 400 members participating in them. Riders were supported by the Congress for Racial Inequality or CORE. Throughout history the southern states has been a place of slavery and after it has been abolished, the south finds a hard time integrating African Americans into daily lives. As a result of this behavior, the races are segregated. In the south the freedom riders faced many oppositions by legal forces to stop their protests. Rosa Parks was the first person to start the fight for racial equality on busses and after winning in court, the riders wanted to mirror her efforts. The riders entered Montgomery Alabama and were promised police forces waiting for them at the depot to provide arms. The depot was supposed to be secured. It was told that a plane would fly over the bus, and police would be located at certain spots for them. Instead of police, they were greeted by white men with weapons. In Jackson Mississippi freedom riders were flooding jailhouses. So many of them were being arrested that they were to be transferred 120 miles away to Parchman. The riders were put in maximum security units in parchman deep into a 18,000 acre-prisonShow MoreRelatedFreedom Riders By Rosa Parks Actions And Advised By Martin Luther King Jr.1275 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom riders fought for racial equality among African Americans in America in the 1960’s. Their purpose was to first stop segregation of transportatio n, and then later expand to racial equality everywhere. They were inspired by Rosa parks actions and advised by Martin Luther King Jr. The freedom riders protests lasted 7 months with about 400 members participating in them. Riders were supported by the Congress for Racial Inequality or CORE. Throughout history the southern states has been a placeRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesbut the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. TheyRead MoreA Comparison Between Booker T. Washington (19th century) and Martin Luther King Jr. (20th century)5383 Words   |  22 Pagesfacilities more equal. Although he advised African-Americans to abide by segregation codes, he often traveled in private railroad cars and stayed in good hotels. Any number of historic moments in the civil rights struggle have been used to identify Martin Luther King, Jr. -- prime mover of the Montgomery bus boycott, keynote speaker at the March on Washington, youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate. But in retrospect, single events are less important than the fact that King, and his policy of nonviolentRead MoreEssay on The Glory and The Dream9497 Words   |  38 Pagespromises were made? a. The importance of the election of 1932 was if Roosevelt (who won) was very similar to Hoover as president, people would revolt. Roosevelt had confidence that he would aid people out of the Depression. Chapter 2 1. What actions did FDR take in the 1st 100 days? a. In FDR first 100 days, he created the Civilians Conservation Corps (CCC), the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), and the Federal Emergency Act. He also departed from the gold standard, established the National

Debt Is A Duty Or Obligation Pay Money Or Render Service...

â€Å"Seven in 10 seniors who graduated from public and nonprofit colleges in 2013 had a student loan debt with an average of $28,400 per borrower† (________________________). Debt is a duty or obligation to pay money or render service under an express or implied agreement. So when one takes out a student loan one has made an agreement with the lender to borrow money for a certain amount of time. Every semester the cost continues to rise for college students across the country. Instead of considering only tuition when applying for school, prospective students should research the area they will relocate too. Students go to school set on one finical assumption which is inane. Monthly ,scholars will pay approximately $800-1,000 to live excluding tuition.The increase of tuition is seen as a fait accompli, so students can almost count on an increase every year. Although college loans can be pernicious to the future, being proactive by effectively managing their debt can obviate thi s issue. For many families it is nearly impossible to obtain a college education without borrowing money.There are a numerous amount of student loans which scholars are eligible .These loans come in many different sizes, and regulation for the loans may differ. Stafford and Perkins loans are the two most popular federal loans. Loans that are given out by the government are called federal student loans, borrowers are offered lower interest rates and flexible repayment options.These loans areShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law Essay2237 Words   |  9 PagesContract The essential elements of the formation of a valid and enforceable contract can be summarized under the following headings: 1. There must be an offer and acceptance, which is in effect the agreement. 2. There must be an intention to create legal relations. 3. There is a requirement of written formalities in some cases. 4. There must be consideration (unless the agreement is under seal). 5. The parties must have capacity to contract. 6. There must be genuineness of consent by theRead MoreEssay on Comm 393 Case Briefs12768 Words   |  52 PagesLiebmann challenged the decision, as well as CFAO 20-53 (an enactment for which the decision was based upon) under s. 15 of the Charter. Issues: 1. Should the court consider the constitutionality of CFAO 20-53? 2. Does the Charter apply to the decision not to appoint Liebmann? 3. Were Liebmann’s equality rights under s. 15 of the Charter infringed? 4. Could infringement be justified under s. 1 of the Charter? Decisions: 1. The court should not consider the constitutionality of CFAO 20-53 Read MoreBusiness Law Department Exam14857 Words   |  60 Pagespromise to act or to refrain from doing an act can serve as consideration. __F___ The mirror image rule permits the offeree s acceptance of a contract to vary from the offer. _F____ A person who delegates his contractual duties is fully relieved of any further duty to perform under that contract. _T___ When both parties to a contract are minors, either or both of them may avoid the contract. _F____ A parent or parents who sign a contract on behalf of their minor child may disaffirm the contractRead MoreEssay on LAW4198 Australian Commercial Law27758 Words   |  112 Pagesï » ¿LAW4198 Australian Commercial Law Exam Notes Formation of contracts 1. Agreement Offer Offeror/promisor = person making the offer. Offeree/promisee = person to whom the offer is made. Characteristics of an offer Offer: Proposal; Invites acceptance; With a willingness to enter into a contract upon acceptance. An offeror will have made an offer where it appears to a reasonable person in the position of the offeree that an offer was intended. Subjective intentions are irrelevant. ExamplesRead MoreBusiness Law I Summary34667 Words   |  139 Pagesdecisions of the administering agency. 3. Criminal law * Private law is primarily concerned with the right and duties of individuals towards each other. * Criminal and civil law * Criminal law is concerned with forbidding certain forms of wrongful conduct and punishing those who engage in the prohibited acts. * Civil law deals with the private rights and obligations which arises between individuals. * Common law and equity * Common law is developed by circuit judges from EnglishRead MoreEffects Of Contract Law On Society3412 Words   |  14 PagesEffects of Contract Law on Society As defined by The Law Dictionary, a contract is â€Å"an agreement, upon sufficient consideration, to do or not to do a particular thing.† (1) Basically, contracts are promises that are enforceable by law. And, if one party does not keep his promise, the law provides a remedy by the breaching party. In order for a contract to be enforceable by law, the contract must include a valid offer, an acceptance of the offer, and adequate consideration. Contacts are primarilyRead MoreContract Obligations When Going Into Business with Partners7047 Words   |  29 Pagesof Company 4-5 2.4 Secretary 5 2.5 Share Capital 5 2.6 Charges 5-6 2.7 Auditors 6 2.8 AGM or EGM 6 Section 3 Any Protection under Irish Company Law 6-7 Section 4 Conclusion` 7 Reference 8 Appendix Appendix A Company limited by share 9 Appendix B Duties of Shareholders 9 Appendix C Directors/Secretary/ Companies 9-10 Appendix D Directors Responsibilities 10-11 Appendix E Secretary Responsibilities 11 AppendixRead MoreObligations-and-Contracts Philippine Reviewer14851 Words   |  60 PagesSUMMER REVIEWER OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS TITLE 1 - OBLIGATION †¢ Art. 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n) †¢ neither party may unilaterally evade his obligation in the contract, unless: a. Contract authorizes it b. Other party assents Parties may freely enter into any stipulations provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy CHAPTER 1. – GENERAL PROVISIONS See Arts. 1156 - 1162 ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATION: 1. ActiveRead MoreContracts Outline28401 Words   |  114 PagesOutline Professor Murray 1. Contract Remedies (Chapter One) What is a contract?- promise or set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy or the performance of which the law recognizes as a duty. Types of contracts- a. express: formed by language, oral or written b. implied: formed by manifestations of assent other than oral or written language; by conduct. c. quasi: not contracts at all, construed by courts to avoid unjust enrichment, by permitting plaintiff to bring an actionRead MoreBSP1004 Tutorial Answer Essay example20959 Words   |  84 Pagesa win-win situation which will allow S and T to preserve their business relationship and compromise to settle the dispute amicably. b) This is a criminal and civil matter. It is criminal as theft is against public interest and safety and illegal under Section 379 of the Penal Code. At the same time, it is also a civil matter as breaking into the store and stealing jewellery is a private wrong against the owner of the store. Resolving this dispute is contingent on several factors. Firstly, it depends

Temple of Heaven Free Essays

The layout and architecture of the Temple of Heaven is filled with symbolism. According to symbolic tradition, Heaven is round and the earth is square. Therefore, all of the buildings in the temple complex are round in shape, while their retaining walls and the axis are square. We will write a custom essay sample on Temple of Heaven or any similar topic only for you Order Now The surrounding walls of the complex also reflect these traditions. The southern side of the wall is square and the northern is round. The emperor would enter the temple complex from the south and this would symbolize his transition from earth to heaven. The glazed roof tiles of the major buildings in the temple complex are blue, symbolizing heaven. Other buildings have green or yellow roof tiles. The green tiles represent Buddhism and the yellow represent the emperor. Only imperial or imperial sanctioned buildings were allowed the colored tile roofs. The building was built without a single nail. The beams, pillars, and rafters were built in such a way that the weight of the building holds the structure together. The hall has 28 pillars which symbolize the 28 constellations. In the center of the hall are four pillars known as the Dragon Well Pillars. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests is surrounded by a square surrounding wall. On the east and west sides of the hall are two halls which was where the gods of the sun, the moon, the stars, thunder, and lighting were prayed to. These halls now exhibit the musical instruments played during the ceremonies at the Temple of Heaven. A round building with a single-gabled roof topped with a gilded ball, the Imperial Vault of Heaven is located directly south of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests. It was first built in 1530 and rebuilt in 1752 by Emperor Qianlong. Its design is similar to the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, but on a much smaller scale. It is built on a single tiered marble base. The vault housed the tablet of the Emperor of Heaven and the emperor’s ancestral tablets. These tablets were prayed to and offered offerings and were used as a symbolic representation of the emperor’s ancestors. The surrounding wall around the Imperial Vault of Heaven is commonly referred to as the Echo Wall. Because of the way it was built, if a person standing on one side, facing the wall and whispers towards it, a person on the opposite side can hear it clearly. Directly in front of the Imperial Vault of Heaven is what is known as the Triple Sound Stone. If a person stands on the first stone and speaks towards the vault, his words will echo once. If he stands on the second stone, his words will echo twice. If he stands on the third stone, his words will echo three times. It is quite remarkable and absolutely true. Circular Mound Altar: South of the Imperial Vault of Heaven lies the Circular Mound Alter. Originally built in 1530 by Emperor Jiajing, it was rebuilt in 1740 by Emperor Qianlong. The altar is a three tiered plinth made entirely of white marble. It is here that the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties offered sacrifices to heaven annually on the winter solstice. The ceremony was meant to thank heaven and ensure that the next year would be prosperous. The numbers of stones which make up each tier are in multiples of nine, which is a prevailing theme at the Temple of Heaven and in fact, all imperial sites. In Daoism, even numbers represent women and odd numbers represent men. The highest odd number is nine and it is representative of the emperor. In the center of the top terrace is a round stone known as the Heaven’s Heart Stone. Usage Since the emperor of China was considered the Son of Heaven, he was responsible for administer earthly matters on behalf of heaven. He did this by offering sacrifices to heaven. Twice a year, the emperor, along with thousands of eunuchs, ministers, and princes would proceed to the Temple of Heaven. The emperor would fast in the Hall of Abstinence located near the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests for several days. He would live in the complex during the ceremonies. The entire country relied on the emperor for good harvests and weather. The ceremonies were prepared for months in advance and it was believed that it had to be perfectly performed because the smallest mistake would be a bad omen for the coming year. If there was a year of flooding or famine, the people would believe that the emperor had fallen out of favor with heaven, so it was of extreme importance for the emperor to ensure everything went perfectly. Outside of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the emperor would personally use oxen to plow a few rows to symbolize the first plowing and planting of the season. At the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the emperor would pray to the Emperor of Heaven and his ancestors, and on the Circular Mount altar, he would pray to heaven for a year of good weather and luck. All of these rituals ensured that the emperor and the empire would be prosperous. Currant Usage For centuries, no commoner was allowed to look inside the Temple of Heaven. Today it is open to the public and has become a beautiful park that is as popular with locals as with tourists. The complex is very large and the areas around the temples are large and filled with ancient cypress trees. Locals will arrive early in the morning to perform taichi, play badminton, chess, or dance, play music, or sing with their friends. The temple complex has a real community feel to it and it is a wonderful place to mingle with locals and see firsthand what locals do in their free time. Built as a place of worship, the temple is different from any other imperial structures. There are two parts in the temple zone. The outer wall of the temple zone is 6,416 meters in length while the inner wall 3,292 meters long. The architecture of the temple represents two themes: in the heaven and on the earth. The 6 meters high walls of the temple constitute a semi- circle in the north and a semi- rectangle in the south. This special layout illustrates an important belief in ancient China that the heaven is round and the earth rectangular. The northern section of the wall is high while the south is low, which means that the heaven is higher and superior to earth. All the essential architecture of the temple were built along a north – south central axis and are linked by a bridge called Danbi. The four main structures from the south to the north are the Circular Mound later (Huang Yuan Qiu Tan), the Imperial Heavenly Vault (Huang Qiong Yu), the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest (Qi Nian Dian), and the Hall of Imperial Zenith (Huang Qi Dian). Other interesting places in the park include the Hall of Abstinence, the Dressing Platform and the Nine Dragon Cypress. How to cite Temple of Heaven, Papers

Competitive Strategy for AAA Framework- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for AAA Framework. Answer: Introduction The business environment is experiencing changes brought about the globalization trend. The forces of globalization have brought organization, people, and economies and from different regions together to take full advantages of the opportunities across the world. However, while there have been positive aspects of the forces, there are also adverse effects such as the unforeseen challenges that were not there before. Therefore, companies are compelled to come up with strategies, and this necessitated for the formation of the global framework to aid the companies with the tools that can help them address these challenges and gain a competitive advantage in the international environment(Bond J. O'Byrne, 2014). As such, Ghemawat formulated a theory known as triangle theory for the companies to successfully manage the problem through adaptation, aggregation, and arbitrage. The report explores how the beverage and pharmaceutical industries firms have responded to the globalization forces through AAA framework(Ghemawat Hout, 2014). Pankaj Ghemawats AAA Framework The volatile nature of various factors such as economic and market dynamics has led to the designing of the global strategy to address the issues in the business environment. Many firms focused on formulating a strategy to deal with the uncertainties in the new markets. For the reason of many managers trying to devise the right global strategy, Pankaj Ghemawat formulated a framework to solve global challenges faced by these organizations. The AAA framework identified the approaches to business by international organizations namely Adaptation, Aggregation, and Arbitrage(Ghemawat, 2013). Adaptation is a global strategy used by the firms in the international environment where the entry strategies and the operations empathize on delivering a product or a service that has customized features preferred by the local population. An aggregation is an approach used by the organization by capitalizing on the advantages of the economies of scale. This is done by trying to replicate the achievements of the same its product and service in the home country. The management tries to market the product as a standardized product offering in the foreign country in the expectation that it will achieve the same market receptions. The third strategy in the framework is Arbitrage, and this is where the company employs a global strategy while still trying to distribute the production facilities in different locations across the globe. However, this relies on the competitive advantage that is unique to each location(Ghemawat, 2013). In general, many huge multinational corporations such as Coca-Cola that have a presence in many nations uses a combination of the above three strategies. What is important is the understanding of the three strategies and using them effectively depending on the situations(Krzywoszynska, 2015). However, many corporations face significant problem such as lack of capability to use the strategy simultaneously and delivering satisfactory results. Some of the challenges experienced include conflicts and inconsistency due to a different culture which the company has to deal with in the global business environment leading to difficulties in integration (Ghemawat, 2015; Krzywoszynska, 2015). AAA Framework for Global Strategy This section explores how companies from food and beverage and pharmaceutical apply the AAA framework in their global strategy. The primary focus is how the company has used the aspects of adaptation, aggregation, and arbitration in their global mission. Food and beverages enterprises and pharmaceuticals organization are some of the industries that have responded with the global forces of globalizations and has expanded in different regions to take full advantage of the opportunities in the markets(Morschett, et al., 2015). Besides, the sectors are very relevant in nations and global economies because they create many job opportunities irrespective of their level of development. To make their expansion strategies across different countries sustainable, these sectors have resorted to adopting the framework to achieve their growth strategy and strengthen their competitive advantage(Peng, 2013). For instance, the changes in the global environment have resulted for the companies to take various measures that use adaptation. For example, when venturing in the international context, the companies readjust their products and services and the management operations to make them conform to the local markets situations(Morschett, et al., 2015). For example, when Coca-Cola invest in African countries, their beverages follows to the choices, and the preferences of the local people based the culture. Besides, pharmaceutical and beverages industries in the world are creating the economies of scales across regions by establishing regional hubs and administrative centers while still using marketing strategies that apply to the regions through aggregation(Krzywoszynska, 2015). Arbitrage is another strategy that has been utilized for both food and beverage and pharmaceutical with international operations. The strategy is paramount as it enables the organization to take advantage of the price of products and the currency difference. This helps in making decisions what to do at a particular time to receive full benefits of the opportunity offered by the market(Steenkamp, 2017). For example, it helps in making a decision on the marketing activities to invest in and when to buy and sell to realize a profit. The AAA framework used by global companies is paramount in helping these organizations face the global business environment with certainty and confidence and successfully evaluate the demand and supply of their products and services and the prevailing market prices(Motohashi, 2015). In addition, it helps the industries understand the local markets and dominate others. However, the management must bear that each of the strategies will have a different scale o f effectiveness and relevance and therefore upon an assessment of the market, there is a need for the organization in the industry to decide which strategy to use or ignore (Peng, 2016; Ghemawat Hout, 2014). Mini-Case Studies Coca-Cola Krzywoszynska argues that Coca-Cola in a multinational firm which has an extensive presence in the world with operations in more than 200 nations. As such, the organization cannot ignore adaptation approach in its global strategy to respond to different cultural and local aspects. Therefore the companies produce beverages that have different tastes in different cultures. Besides, it responds to the environmental factors and cultural factors through packaging and advertising of their products to capture the global markets by adapting to them(Krzywoszynska, 2015). For example in Shenzhen, the company has a range of carbonated drinks and water which do not have western aspects but uses the local tastes, values, and attitudes. This is an indication that the company has modified the tastes and preferences of the flavors to match that of the local culture and preferences and this is the same for their branding strategies(Wheeler, 2016). The aggregation strategy has been used by the organization to expand its operation to many countries such as India. In some cases, the company has focused on acquiring the local favorite brands and in a bid to connect with the local consumers. For instance, the minute maid is one of the companys brands which was acquired in the 1960s; three decades later is acquired the1ndian cola and other juice smoothies decades later. The arbitrage strategy is also used because instead of producing the products in the U.S.; it has other plants in different countries across the regions(Wheeler, 2016). Nestl Global Nestl is also a case study used to understand how companies have responded to globalization forces using adaptation, aggregation and arbitration strategies in the market. Nestle expansion strategy like that of Coca-Cola has responded to the policies of globalization by providing products and packaging strategies that confirm to the local population taste and preferences across different regions. This is evident in its products like Bottled Water, Breakfast Cereals, Coffee, Dairy Products, and Food such as Hert and Maggi includes. For example, the different brand in the various countries such as U.S, UK, and France have different tastes and are packaged differently and the market strategies used are different (Ghemawat, 2015; Fischer, 2016). On the other hand, the company has successfully managed to globalize through the acquisition of local brands in the country which aimed at controlling domestic brands in the international markets. The marketing strategy adopted b these different countries are integrated into a marketing strategy which covers the generic brands. This is an indication of the aggregation strategy used by the company to have a presence in many countries leading to joint ventures and alliances with companies such as froneri and partnership between Nestl and Guthy-Renker. This makes the company has many central hubs in countries and regions to reduce the cost of production, and distributing the products to the market. The company also benefits from arbitrage strategy as it establishes many firms through the regions to avoid paying massive taxes and also benefits from countries subsidies(Black, 2016). Sun Pharmaceutical The other case study is Sun Pharmaceutical based in India and one of the biggest company in the world regarding pharmaceutical product production and distribution. The company also uses the adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage strategies in their global framework. To avail its products in other countries and establish a presence the company uses a range of changes that suits the local situations and the needs of the conditions and this has been the same for their chemical formula(Busfield, 2015). Besides, the competitive strategies and packaging are adapted to the local market and population needs and wants. The aggregation strategies have made them focus on the acquisition of other local facilities across the Asian countries. On the other hand, the arbitration strategy has been used by the organization effectively to set installations in the Asian countries to reduce the cost of operation and distribution. For example, the group has established many research and production faciliti es, and this has enabled it to reduce the cost of distribution and production in these regions (Ghemawat, 2015; Sahu, 2014). Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company Pfizer is another pharmaceutical company that uses aggregation, arbitration, and adaptation to expand to Latin America regions. The management of the company realized that to attract consumers from different countries, they must adapt to the local situations and this is evidence in their marketing strategy in the Latin America region. The company has analyzed and understood the local circumstances of the different countries such as socio-economic and regulatory environment to adapt to the marketing forces. Their strategy also has resulted to them using community programs to build their market to help people understand their health and respond to medical situations effectively(Busfield, 2015). The aggregation strategy has been employed in European countries where it has established the administrative center and satisfied the requirement to do business there. Just like other companies, the companies also seek to maximize the opportunities in the global environment and mostly tax laws in the country. For example, the company has taken another UK company known as AstraZeneca to benefit from various tax reliefs. For example, companies established in the country benefits from tax shelters, low taxation, and patented products fetch lower prices in the county. This is an example of how the company has benefited from expanding to other regions in Europe(Pennie, et al., 2015). Conclusion The AAA framework formulated by Ghemawat was designed to respond to the changes in the global business environment and especially globalization forces. The framework encompasses the adoption, aggregation, and arbitration which help the respond to various. Some of the prominent issues explore local preferences and tastes, an extension of central hubs across different countries and taking advantages of tax regulation in the various countries. Many industries use these strategies and specifically in the pharmaceutical and food and beverage industries as explored in the case studies. For the strategies to be effective and fruitful, the management must learn to balance them in the application in the different markets across the world. The companies analyzed namely Coca-Cola, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer have applied these strategies to help them manage differences in the countries as part of the globalization strategy. This is because the forces of globalization have brought about chal lenges in the supply chain management, information system and therefore companies have responded to maintain the competitive advantages of the countries. References Black, E., 2016. Globalization of the Food Industry: Transnational Food Corporations, the Spread of Processed Food, and Their Implications for Food Security and Nutrition. s.l.:s.n. Bond, C. J. O'Byrne, D., 2014. Challenges and conceptions of globalization: An investigation into models of global change and their relationship with business practice. Cross Cultural Management, 21(1), pp. 23-38. Busfield, J., 2015. The globalization of the pharmaceutical industry. Globalisation And Health, Volume 10, pp. 127-138. Fischer, J., 2016. Markets, religion, regulation: Kosher, halal and Hindu vegetarianism in global perspective. Geoforum, Volume 69, pp. 67-70. Ghemawat, P., 2013. Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. s.l.:Harvard Business Press. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. In Emerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises (pp. 5-28). Bingley, West Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ghemawat, P. Hout, T., 2014. Globalization, Capabilities, and Distance: Theory and a Case Study (of China). Globalization. Krzywoszynska, A., 2015. Wine is not Coca-Cola: marketization and taste in alternative food networks. Agriculture and human values, 32(3), pp. 491-503. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. Zentes, J., 2015. Strategic international management. London: Springer. Motohashi, K., 2015. Management Strategies for Global Businesses. In Global Business Strategy (pp. 21-40). s.l.:Springer Japan. Peng, M., 2013. Global strategy. s.l.:Cengage learning. Peng, M., 2016. Global business. Boston: Cengage learning. Pennie, W., Pickett, S., Wang, J. Wallace, O., 2015. An analysis of the attrition of drug candidates from four major pharmaceutical companies.. Nature reviews Drug discovery, 14(7), pp. 475-486. Sahu, S., 2014. Globalization, WTO, and the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 41(4), pp. 172-202. Steenkamp, J., 2017. Global Brand Management. In Global Brand Strategy (pp. 181-208). s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan UK. Wheeler, A., 2016. Designing brand identity. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons.

Hidden Behind Closed Doors Essays - Laundry, Clorox, Washing Machine

Hidden Behind Closed Doors Michaela Daugherty Writing 121 Assignment # 1 M-W-F 2:00pm HIDDEN BEHIND CLOSED DOORS Every day of their hectic week, women all over the world are being summoned to a dark dreary dungeon. Women of all ages, race, creed or economic status are not immune to this fear. We as women must all endure this torture. Where would you find this dungeon, women descend to virtually 365 days a year? The answer will surprise you, since the majority of women find these dungeons in their own homes. Builders call these darkened walls a laundry room. How can we as women change these dark walls into bright and cheerful rooms? We look to the advertisements in our local magazines for help. In a recent publication of Family Circle magazine, the advertisers of Clorox 2 Bleach-Free, have chosen to use vibrant colors, two animated laundry bottles and bold print to erase the idea that doing laundry needs to be a dark and lonely chore The top two-thirds of this advertisement depicts a white washing machine with a white tiled back splash, faded softly into the background. Also faded into the background, a bouquet of pink flowers with green leaves which decorates the upper right hand corner of the ad. The advertisers hope your subscious will pick up these props. But the main focus of this ad, (for your Conscience) are two life-like laundry bottles. On top of the faded washing machine is a neatly stack of brightly colored clothes. With the suns reflection shining upon these two bottles, the reader is given the impression a laundry room does not need to reflect a dark dungeon. These vibrant colored laundry bottles seem very cheerful with smiling faces and raised eyebrows. Each displays its own individual packaging labels. The two bottles are apparently engaged in a pleasant conversation. The laundry bottle on the left, Ultra Clorox 2, having the vibrant blue container with a red head (lid) has her arm (handle) behind the second bottle. Advertisers want consumers to view laundry as a friendly gathering with friends not as a chore. The Clorox 2 Bleach-Free bottle decorated with a vibrant green bottle and yellow head (lid) has her arm (handle) strategically pointing to her label. Above these two life-like bottles, read in black bold letters Youre brilliant, Bleach-Free! You will be brilliant also if you use this product. In smaller letters and less boldness the Ultra Clorox 2 bottle states, You clean and brighten colors just like me. In response the Clorox 2 Bleach-Free bottle, replies, But I use enzymes instead of bleach. Below these two bottles are three sentences which strengthen the idea of buying Clorox 2 Bleach-Free. To summarize this laundry booster has special stain fighters; color brightners and uses enzymes instead of bleach to remove dirt and stains. The ad then closes with Bleach-Free Clorox 2 laundry Booster printed in bold black type with a bottle and a box of Clorox 2 Bleach-Free to the right. The market, advertisers of this ad most want to target are Women. This is depicted by the use of womens facial attributes on both of these friendly-smiling lids. Also this ad which appeared in the Family Circle magazine supports the assumption women would be reading this ad. Of course, Men may want to purchase this magazine at their local super-market and read for themselves the ad for Clorox 2 Bleach-Free. It is assumed, men would rather be reading a hunting or car magazine and not worrying if their laundry had a boost. The ad targets women who are concerned with dirt and stains. Women do not want the smell of bleach on their clothes nor on their loved ones. Women worry about the appearance of their children and spouse. Why, because society places a great importance on appearance. Why would advertisers use the knowledge of psychologist in this ad? For the simple reason, psychologist have proven, the power of emotions are strong. Take for example, the lifted eyebrows and smiling faces. Psychologist will tell you the ways in which we feel and express emotions actually represent a form of communication. Communicating emotions can motivate action by others. Do you smile back at someone who has smiled at you first,

What Is Summer School Guide for High School Students

What Is Summer School Guide for High School Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you think of how you want to spend your summer vacation, sitting in a classroom is probably not the first thing that comes to mind.However, summer school can be a great way for you to get ahead in high school and give yourself an advantage in college admissions. These days students with all kinds of grades take summer classes. You might take summer school to understand a particular subject better,to free up more time in your schedule during the school year, or to take an advanced class at your high school, nearby college, or online. Read this complete guide on summer school for high school students to learneverything you need to know about what summer school is, why people take it, and how you can use it to get ahead. What Is Summer School? You probably know that summer school refers to classes that students take during the summer, outside of the regular academic school year.However, more specifically, summer school for high school students can be a lot of different things: It can be a way for you to retake a class you found difficult, take specialized courses in areas that interest you, get a head-start on prerequisites and college classes, and more. Summer school can be classes done through your high school, at a community college or local university, or through a program that includes classes, such as a summer camp. Online summer school, where students take classes primarily on a computer at home, is becoming more popular. Many of these classes require students to visit the school once or twice to take exams or turn in final projects, but some classes are also offered completely online.Online classes may be offered through your high school, a college or university, or through a specialized online high school program. Why Do Students Take Summer School? As mentioned above, there are multiple reasons why a high school student would take classes over the summer. Below are three of the most common reasons. Reason 1: To Improve Their Grades Historically, the most common reason thatpeople took summer school was that they needed to improve their grades in one or more classes. There are still many students who take summer school for this reason, and many of them find it easier to earn bettergrades during the summer because summer school often hassmaller classes, more one-on-one interaction with the teacher, and fewer distractions, such as other classes, school sports, or clubs to worry about. Reason 2: To Take Specialized Classes Sometimes, students will also take summer school classes in order to take a certain class they wouldn’t be able to enroll in during the school year.This could be a class they don’t have room in their schedule for or a specialized class, such as a course on a specific subject or an intensive foreign language course. Some schools also offer short certificate programs over the summer. These can cover a variety of topics, such as entrepreneurship, computer science, and more. Sometimes schools offer classes during the summer that they don’t normally offer during the school year. You will likely have an even wider variety of summer school class options if you look at classes at community colleges or online.Taking a specialized class can allow you to learn more about a topic you’re interested in and help you gain new skills and knowledge. Reason 3: To Prepare For College Summer school can also help you get a head start on the rest of your education, including college. Some students take summer school as a way to get prerequisites out of the way so that they can take more advanced classes during the school year. At my high school, every student was required to take a basic typing class before they graduated, and many students took this class over the summer because it wasn’t very challenging and could be taken online. This gave us an extra space in our schedule to fill with an elective we wanted to take. You can also take community college classes over the summer, which you may be able to get high school or college credit for. These classes can help you get more used to what college classes will be like so that you feel more prepared and confident once you start college. Having college classes, even introductory classes from a community college, will also strengthen your college applications because it will show schools that you can handle the rigor of a college course. How Can You Do Well in Summer School? Whatever the reason you’re taking summer school classes, it’s important that you do well in them. They’re using up some of your important summer time, and you want to make sure you don’t waste that time by doing poorly in the classes. Summer school classes are a bit different from classes taken during the school year, and there are a few strategies you can use to maximize your chances of success. Tip 1: Take Fewer Classes at a Time Unless you absolutely need to take multiple classes in order to graduate, it’s a good idea to only take 1-2 classes at a time during summer school.Summer school classes are often shorter than regular classes (often 6-8 weeks long, compared to a whole semester), so they are usuallymore intensive and require a greater time commitment. Taken fewer classesis especially important if you are retaking a particular class because you’ll be ableto be able to focus more of your time and energy on getting a higher grade this time around if you don’t have other classes to worry about. Tip 2: Create a Study Schedule Taking summer classes can be hard. There are probably a lot of things you’d rather be doing like seeing your friends, being outside, playing sports,etc.,and it can be easy to get distracted. Either before or right after you start summer school, create a study schedule that lets you plan when you will put aside time to study and do homework.If you can set aside the same time every day, like 4:00-5:30pm every afternoon, that can make it easier to stick to your study schedule and plan other activities.Set goals for what you want to accomplish each day or week, whether it’s a project you need to complete, papers to read, or just general studying and homework. On the other hand, make sure you are giving yourself enough time to take a break and relax. Summer school can be demanding, and if you overtax yourself, you may end up burned out by the time the school year starts, which you don’t want to do because it could cause your other grades to suffer.If you need help creating your study schedule, ask a parent or teacher for some guidance. Tip 3: Ask For Help Early Summer school classes are often smaller than regular classes, and this means you’ll have more interaction with the teacher. Use this to your advantage by asking for help early if something confuses you or doesn’t make sense.Particularly if you are retaking a class you struggled in before, you want to make sure you don’t repeat the same mistakes you did the first time.Teachers are happy to help students who ask, and they won’t think any questions you askare dumb, so don’t be afraid to let them know you need something explained more or in a different way. If you’ve already taken the class before and know whichareas you struggled in, you may want to tell this to your teacher early on so they can prepare you for the topic better and possiblygive you some additional material to look over to make sure you understand the subject. Asking a teacher for extra help as soon as you don't understand the material can help you keep your grades up in summer school. Should You Take Summer School? If you’re wondering whether or not to take summer school, ask yourself the following three questions. If any of the scenarios apply to you, then you may want to consider summer classes. For each scenario, the best way to take these summer classes is also mentioned so you can be sure you get the benefits you want out of summer school. Question 1: Do You Want, or Need, to Improve Your Grades? Is there an especially low grade on your transcript that you wish you could erase?If you did poorly in a certain class, summer school is a great way to redeem yourself and retake the class for (hopefully!) a better grade. Even just one especially low grade, such as a D or F, can really bring down your GPA and hurt your chances of getting into competitivecolleges.Even if the class shows up as a retake on your transcript, if you got a good grade in itthe second time around, that will look much better than havinga very low grade. Best option: If this is the case for you, you will probably take your summer school classes through your high school in order to improve your grade in a particular class. Question 2: Are There Specific Classes You're Interested in Taking? Is there a class you’d like to take that is only offered in the summer or you don’t have time to take during the school year? Summer school could be a way to fit it into your schedule. You could get creative here and take a class in photography, wilderness skills, a foreignlanguage, ora differentinterest you have. Summer school doesn't have to be boring! Best option: Depending on which classes you’re interested in, you can take them through your high school, at a community college, at a summer program, or online. Talk to your academic adviserif you’re not sure which classes to take and want to know what your options are. If you take classes at a place other than your high school, make sure you understand exactly if and how you will receive credit for them. Question 3: Do You Want to Get Ahead on Classes? Are you trying to get prerequisitesout of the way or want totake advanced classes toimprove your chances of getting into a competitive college? If so, taking summer classes can be a way for you to have more space in your schedule for other classes, strengthen your transcript, and be more prepared for college. Best option: If you’re trying to take some prerequisites over the summer, you’ll probably take them through your high school because courses through other schools may not meet the prereq requirements. If you want to take classes to prepare you for college, you will likely take these at a community college or nearby university. You may also be able to take advanced summer classes through your high school. Should You Do Online Summer School? Online summer school for high school students is becoming more and more popular, and it’s easy to see why. Online classes often allow you to do schoolwork on your own schedule and reduce the time and hassle of traveling to class.However, is online summer school a good idea for everyone? Online classes can have several drawbacks including the following: Less direct interaction with the instructor Requires more self-motivation Can be more challenging to understand If you’re trying to decide whether or not to take summer school online, you should talk to people who know your study habits, such as teachers and parents, to help make the best decision. However, in general, you shouldn’t take online summer school classes if you struggle to motivate yourself to study and complete work on time, or if you struggled with the class before and want more guidance from and interaction with the instructor.Both of these issuescan be exacerbated with online classes. You should also base your decision on how difficult you expect the class to be. For a relatively easy class, you need to take as a basic graduation requirement, such as typing or health, online classes will likely cause you fewer problems than if you were taking a more challenging course. Because the class you're taking isn't that difficult, you'll be able to handle the issuesthat online classes can sometimes create, and you'll be able to easily get the class out of the way and focus on tougher classes during the school year. Summary There are many reasons for students take summer school, whether it’s to improve their grades, take a certain class they couldn’t take during the school year, or become more prepared for college. Summer school can be taken through your high school, at a community or local college, or through a company or organization that offers summer classes. Most summer classes are in-person, but online classes are becoming more popular. You don’t want to waste your summer taking a class you end up not doing well in. In order to make sure you get good grades in summer school you should limit the number of classes you take, create a study schedule, and ask for help early on if you don’t understand the material. If you’re not sure whetheryou should take summer school or you don’t know what classes to take, talk to a teacher, parent, or academic adviserto figure out what the best option for you is. What's Next? Want to learn more about online high school? Check out our guide to online high schooland learn if it's the right choice for you. Is there a certain class you want to take, but it isn't offered by your school or doesn't fit into your schedule? You may be able to take an independent study! Read this guide for everything you need to know about independent study classes and how to take one yourself. Trying to decide whether to take an AP class or a class at a community college? We go over the pros and cons of each to help you make the best decision. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Project Management Explore the Role of the Project Management team to Essay

Project Management Explore the Role of the Project Management team to critically analyse the differing ways in which projects can be Organised - Essay Example Projects usually follow major phases or stages (with various titles for these), including feasibility, project planning, implementation, evaluation and support/maintenance. (Free Management Library, 1997-2009) Each project phase normally includes a set of defined work products designed to establish the desired level of management control. Each project phase is marked by completion of one or more deliverable. (William Duncan, 1996) The conclusion of a project phase is generally marked by a review of both key deliverables and project performance in order to (a) determine if the project should continue into its next phase and (b) detect and correct errors cost effectively. (William R. Duncan, 1996) "The project manager should be appointed at any stage of the project, s/he should be appointed prior to the appointment of the project team. The project manager documents a detailed Job Description for each project role and appoints a human resource to each role based on his/her relevant skills and experience. (Jason Westland, 2003)" The initial phase of project management involves feasibility study. This is to find out whether the project is viable or not. Feasibility study plays a very important role for the success of a project. Feasibility study generally involves identifying the future risks involved in the projects and steps to reduce the risks. "A feasibility study should be done based on political, commercial, and organisational elements." (Patrick Andrews, 2002). The feasibility study should be shared with the project management team and various input from the team members need to be analysed and incorporated to the feasibility report. It is important that it should be documented. If the study reveals that the project is not viable, it can be stopped at an early stage thus reducing wastage of resources, time, and cost. If the study is viable, the study should clearly outline the statements proving why the project is viable. The deliverable of a feasibility study is feasibility report. Project Planning Planning a project is extremely important before actually implementing the project. The project plan is necessary in defining the various milestones of the project and coming up with tentative dates to complete each milestone. This helps to keep a check on the project at the various miles

Foundations and It Starts with Me Research Paper

Foundations and It Starts with Me - Research Paper Example Moreover, this foundation would reduce the complexity of educational activities undertaken by this learning community. As a result, this foundation would have the most impact in this educational community. Introduction of this foundation in this educational community is a challenging task. This is because the educational community consists of several people with different abilities and roles. Several ways exist that can be used to introduce this foundation in an educational community. One of them is thinking processes involved in learning to educational activities. This method has been identified as an effective way of introducing system thinking among individuals involved in the learning process (Tilbury & Wartman, 2004). This could be done using thinking projects. If thinking projects and activities undertaken by educators and students were linked, the educators and students would be required to employ systematic thinking in the process of learning. This would have introduced system-thinking foundation to our learning community. As a result, the learning process in this community would be greatly improved. Building personal mastery among individuals in an educational community is essential. Senge describes building personal mastery as deepening personal vision, focusing energies, developing patience, and viewing reality objectively (Green & Stonkosky, 2010). This requires action to be taken. The action to take in building personal mastery in my educational community is encouraging members of this educational community to apply their creativity in the learning organization. This could be done by use of motivational tools and other incentives. These motivational tools and incentives would be employed to both educators and students. It is suspected that this would encourage individual’s creativity thus deepen their personal vision and

The Constitution of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Constitution of the United States - Essay Example At the same time, the Constitution is not a book of statutes and so therefore overlapping interests have historically provided the crux of difficulties. As such, the Constitution may be said to be the very model of moderation in politics; it manages to make up for the absence of federal authority sorely lacking in the Articles of Confederation while at the same not avoiding the pitfalls of conferring such authority at the federal level that states have no access to redress grievances. The Constitution managed to achieve this tilting the balance of power into the middle ground between the federal and state levels. At the same time, the framers of the Constitution recognized that the primary failure of the Articles of Confederation was in giving too many rights to the states, leaving the federal government weak. The Constitution guaranteed that the ultimate power would rest in the hands of the federal government through the so-called "elastic clause" found in Article I, Section 8 of th e Constitution which endows the Congress with the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" to carry out its specific rights and responsibilities (Anderson 76). The separation of powers and the system of checks and balances is the single most useful aspect of the American democracy despite the fact it paradoxically seems to place limits upon the powers in charge. The necessity for placing limits on the three branches of government can be attributed expressly to the crucible in which the Constitution was drafted. The danger of not just executive tyranny, but also legislative and even judicious tyranny was ever present in the minds of those who had captured their freedom through the shedding of blood. The very concept of conferring authority upon a national government in which the legislative, executive, and judicial branches were connected and working dependently upon the other would mean too much concentrated power in too few hands. The writers of the Constitution instead looked to exploit the advantages of a fragmentary system of governance in which the three branches of the federal government work independently of each other, while at the same time being unable to act entirely on their own. The brilliance of the division of power within the federal government is that each branch has been given just enough power to make a difference, but not so much power as to be allowed to successfully give into the temptation of tyranny. Even today, in the atmosphere of an imperial President and lack of a strong legislative body, the idea that the President or Congress would actually engage in tyrannical methods seems far-fetched, but the framers of the Constitution who saw firsthand how absolute power could corrupt, it was truly a revolutionary leap forward. The limitations on power given to each of the three branches of government is known as the system of checks and balance and it is precisely the limits on power, rather then the authority given, that oils the machinery of democratic progress. Ambition has been counteracted by the placement of limits upon how much power the legislative, executive and judicial branches enjoy. For instance, the laws of American are created by Congress, but the President can use his veto power if he decides for some reason that the law is not just. At the same time the

The Construction Material Concrete Construction Essay

The Construction Material Concrete Construction Essay The process of curing concrete, handling it in different climatic conditions and the various diseases that can arise in concrete structures are the key points of this paper. The word concrete is derived from a latin word concretuswhich means compact or condensed. Concrete is a thick composite artificial stone like material which is made by mixing cement (generally Portland cement) and various other aggregates, such as sand, pebbles, gravel, shale, etc., with water and allowing the mixture to harden by hydration. Since the ancient times it had been used in constructing structures and today also it is used more than any other man made construction material in the world. COMPOSITION Depending upon the reqirement of the structure,the proportions of the main ingredients discussed below are varied to avail different types of concrete. By doing so the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties. CEMENT Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminium. Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source of sulfate (most commonly gypsum). WATER When water is added in a cementitious material, cement paste is formed through the process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and allows it to flow more smoothly. Water should be added in the mix very carefully as less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more durable concrete; more water will give an free-flowing concrete with a higher slump. Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure. In the process of hydration many different reactions occur at the same time. As the reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the individual sand and gravel particles, and other components of the concrete, to form a solid compact mass. AGGREGATES The presence of aggregate greatly increases the robustness of concrete above that of cement.Following are the different items which could be used as aggregates: Sand, natural gravel and crushed stone Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition and excavation waste) and manufactured aggregates like air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative exposed aggregate finish. CURING OF CONCRETE The term curing concrete signifies the process of stopping freshly poured concrete from drying out too quickly. Unless the concrete mass is not cured, or if it is left out to dry out on its own, it will not develop the full bond between all of its ingredients. In order to form a water cement paste, water is added in Portland cement after which chemical reactions take place in the mixture turns the paste into a bonding agent. This reaction is known as hydration and it produces a stone-like compact substancethe hardened cement paste. Both the rate and degree of hydration, and the resulting strength of the final concrete, depend on the curing process that follows placing and consolidating the plastic concrete. As long as the mixture contains water and the temperature conditions are favorable, the process of Hydration continues ,though at a decreasing rate . The strength of concrete is dependent on crystal growth within the concrete matrix through the process of hydration If water is not adequate, the crystals cannot grow, due to which the concrete is unable to attain the desired strength. The presence of water through proper curing of the concrete facilitates the crystal growth that encloses the gravel and sand mix, causing interweaving with each other. .The time-span of the process of Curing begins from the time of consolidation and ends at the point where the concrete reaches its design strength. The period can vary from a few days to a month or longer. For most structural use, the curing period for cast-in-place concrete is usually 3 days to 2 weeks. During this period, the concrete mass should be kept moist and as near 73F as practical. Bridge decks and other slabs exposed to weather and chemical attack usually require longer curing periods. The time span of the curing period also depends on the factors such as type of cement used mix proportions required strength size and shape of the concrete mass weather conditions and temperature future exposure conditions SIGNIFICANCE OF CURING A proper and effective curing process helps in improving various properties of concrete such as freeze and thaw resistance strength watertightness wear resistance volume stability. Serviceability and apperance The compressive strength of concrete that has been properly cured is 75 to 95 per cent more than the concrete that has not been cured. Figure 1 illustrates this by comparing the compressive strength of concrete(at 180 days) for which the surface has been either kept moist for the entire duration of 180 days or is kept moist for various periods of time and allowed to dry out or is allowed to dry out from the time it was first made.It is quite clearly depicted that the compressive strength of the concrete is highest when it is fully cured for the entire period of 180 days. Fig 1:Moist curing effect on compressive strength of concrete source:www.tpub.com The permeability and absorptivity of concrete mix depends upon the porosity of the mix ie whether the pores and capillaries are discrete or interconnected. The porosity of the mix is reduced overtime through proper and effective curing of concrete thereby increasing the durability of concrete. Also, proper curing of concrete mix will reduce crazing, dusting and scaling of the slab thereby ensuring better serviceability and appearance. STAGES IN CURING PROCESS After the concrete mix have been placed, it is imperative to keep it moist and maintain specified concrete temperatures.The process of curing starts immediately after the placement of concrete and it goes through two stages : Initial curing stage: time of placement to initial set. This stage would include all the deliberate action taken between placement and final finishing of concrete. Approximate conditions during the initial curing period should be forecast prior to construction. Under this stage,the rate of strength gain of the concrete is minimal. The various aspects to be dealt with construction initial curing period as shown in diagram below are : verifying evaporation conditions: concrete temperatures, wind velocity, air temperature, and relative humidity are required to be taken into account during placement. These elements are used to make nomograph to calculate the evaporation rate and to determine whether critical drying rates exist. Using the concrete placing temperature, the time of initial setting can be estimated. The time of initial setting is the optimal time for application of final curing. Major items requiring attention during construction-initial curing period. Source : www.fhwa.dot.govt Onsite adjustments for Excessive drying: In order to reduce evaporation rates of bleed water the following two adjustments could be made- reducing concrete placing temperatures- Cooling aggregate stockpiles, cooling mixing water, or using ice for mixing water are very effective ways of reducing concrete temperatures. use of evaporation reducers. Evaporation reducers are water emulsions of film-forming compounds. The film-forming compound is the active ingredient that slows down evaporation of water. There is also a benefit from the water fraction of the evaporation reducers, in that it compensates to a small degree for losses of mixing water to evaporation.Evaporation reducers may need to be applied several times, depending on the conditions. Concrete that are liable to quick drying is required to be covered with wet gunny bag or wet hessian cloth properly squeezed, so that the water does not drip and at the same time, does not allow the concrete to dry. This condition should be maintained for 24 hours or at least till the final setting time of cement at which duration the concrete will have assumed the final volume. The Final curing stage: The final curing period is defined as the time interval between application of curing procedures and the end of deliberate curing. Final curing methods fall into four categories: Water curing : Water curing can be done in various ways like immersion,ponding, spraying or fogging and wet covering.This is by far the best method of curing as it satisfies all the requirements of curing, namely, promotion of hydration, elimination of shrinkage and absorption of the heat of hydration. Curing a house slab by flooding. Source: http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/curing-concrete.html The precast concrete items are normally immersed in curing tanks for a certain duration. Pavement slabs, roof slab etc. are covered under water by making small ponds. Vertical retaining wall or plastered surfaces or concrete columns etc. are cured by spraying water. In some cases, wet coverings such as wet gunny bags, hessian cloth, jute matting, straw etc., are wrapped to vertical surface for keeping the concrete wet. For horizontal surfaces saw dust, earth or sand are used as wet covering to keep the concrete in wet condition for a longer time so that the concrete is not unduly dried to prevent hydration. The diagram below summarises the major criteria for using water-added curing methods. Major features of curing with added water. Membrane curing : this curing method is mostly used when there is less availability of water in the region where curing is done. Under this method, concrete could be covered with membrane which will effectively seal off the evaporation of water from concrete. A continuous seal over the concrete surface is maintained by means of a firm impervious film to prevent moisture in concrete from escaping by evaporation. Some of the materials, which can be used for this purpose, are bituminous compounds, polyethylene PLASTIC SHEETING source:www.builderbill-diy-help.com or polyester film, waterproof paper, rubber compounds etc. When waterproofing paper or polyethylene film are used as membrane, care must be taken to see that these are not punctured anywhere and also see whether adequate lapping is given at the junction and this lap is effectively sealed. Application of heat : When concrete is subjected to higher temperature it accelerates the hydration process resulting in faster development of strength. Concrete cannot be subjected to dry heat to accelerate the hydration process as the presence of moisture is also an essential requisite. Therefore, subjecting the concrete to higher temperature and maintaining the required wetness can be achieved by subjecting the concrete to steam curing. The exposure of concrete to higher temperature can be done by Steam curing at ordinary pressure, Steam curing at high pressure ,Curing by Infra-red radiation ,Electrical curing. Traditional steam curing of concrete pipes (www.construction-int.com) Miscellaneous : Calcium chloride is used either as a surface coating or as an admixture. It has been used satisfactorily as a curing medium. Both these methods are based on the fact that calcium chloride being a salt shows affinity for moisture. The salt not only absorbs moisture from atmosphere but also retains it at the surface. This moisture held at the surface prevents the mixing water from evaporation and thereby keeps the concrete wet for a long time to promote hydration. Formwork prevents escaping of moisture from the concrete, particularly, in the case of beams and columns. Keeping the form work intact and sealing the joint with wax or any other sealing compound prevents the evaporation of moisture from the concrete. This procedure of promoting hydration can be considered as one of the miscellaneous methods of curing. At the end of the curing process majority of cement gets hydrated.There is slow rate of compressive strength gain of around 50-100 psi/hours and little exothermic heat generation. In the entire process of curing if one of the curing procedures is used initially, it may be replaced by one of the other procedures after the concrete is 1 day old, provided that the concrete surface is not permitted to become dry at any time. After the termination of the curing process the adequacy of a curing program could be verified.Although strength is the primary variable around which curing specifications are based several other approaches can also be used like Surface Water Absorption: the amount of water a dry concrete specimen absorbs in the first minute or so after contact with liquid water is directly related to the quality of the curing of the near-surface zone of the concrete. This method has direct applicability to verifying curing. The method is reasonably applied to cores, which can be dried to a constant low moisture content before testing. Rebound Hammer: The rebound hammer method basically measures the modulus of elasticity of the nearsurface concrete. This may actually recommend the method for use in evaluating the curing of concrete pavements, where near-surface effects are considered most important. The test method is suitable for in-place measurements. Laboratory work has shown that rebound numbers of uncured concrete exposed to modestly severe drying are reduced by about 50 percent at 7 days relative to well-cured concrete. Strength of Cores: The strength of concrete is strongly affected by inadequate curing, and, in theory, could be detected by measuring strength of cores. the effects of poor curing are only strongly apparent in the properties of the top 50 mm of concrete, and sometimes even less. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity: The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) method is an indirect measure of the modulus of elasticity of concrete. The modulus of elasticity of concrete tends to increase with increasing hydration (or quality of curing) of the cement paste fraction of the concrete. UPV testing can be set up in a number of configurations, each of which tends to focus on slightly different features of the concrete. A simple pulse velocity taken through a piece of concrete, which is the traditional way of using UPV to investigate concrete properties, gives information on the average quality of the concrete. Abrasion Resistance: The degree of curing has been shown in numerous research publications to be strongly reflected in the abrasion resistance of the cement-paste fraction of concrete. This truth is easily verified qualitatively using an electrically powered wire brush and observing the ease with which the near-surface mortar can be removed from a small spot of concrete. Poorly cured concrete is easily abraded away, while well-cured concrete is quite difficult to abrade away with such equipment. DISEASES OF CONCRETE Deterioration of concrete buildings is becoming a cause of concern now a days. Often the structures located along open water, lakes, rivers and oceans are extremely vulnerable to attack from the harsh environment i.e. salt, moisture, humidity, carbon dioxide, etc. cracks, spalls and rust stains are some of the visual symptoms of the deterioration of concrete. CRACK Crack is the most common diseases of concrete structures and it occurs as a result of material discontinuity. Thermal and shrinkage cracks can be associated with high cement content and high strength concrete. Usually cracks occur in the concrete structures due to various reasons such as excess water in the mix ,rapid drying of the concrete, improper strength concrete poured on the job, lack of control joints, if Concrete is poured on frozen ground, alkali-silica reactionetc. In order to prevent cracks in concrete structures, following preventive measures could be taken: Estimate in advance the quantity of water to be mixed to get the required concrete mix. Adding too much water in the mix is one of the main causes of cracked concrete Do not pour concrete on the frozen ground .A compacted subgrade could be used to pour concrete upon to prevent cracking Cut control joints into the concrete so that the slab will be able to shrink and expand with temperature changes. Control joints should be cut the same depth of the slab and spaced a maximum of three times the thickness of the concrete. The slab must retain enough moisture so that the drying and shrinking happens as slowly as possible in the days and weeks after pouring. Curing helps the concrete to retain moisture in the concrete so that it can continue to gain strength to resist cracking. CRACKS ON CONCRETE SURFACE Source:www.homebuildinginformation.com FROST When the concrete is critically saturated i.e. approximately 91% of its pores are filled with water then deterioration of concrete from freeze thaw actions may occur. When water freezes to ice it occupies 9% more volume than that of water.In case there is no space in concrete for this expanded volume , a kind of distress is caused which will result in loss of concrete surface. A surface active agent should be added to the concrete mixture in order to prevent frost in a concrete structure. This creates a large number of closely spaced, small air bubbles in the hardened concrete which would act as expansion chambers to relieve the pressure build-up. It is to be noted that concrete with high water content and high water to cement ratio is less frost resistant than concrete with lower water content. ABRASION AND CAVITATION Hydraulic Concrete structures are affected by Abrasion-erosion due to the action of debris rolling and grinding against surface. The sources of the debris include construction trash left in a structure, riprap brought back into a basin by eddy currents because of poor hydraulic design or asymmetrical discharge, and riprap or other debris thrown into a basin by the public. Mechanical abrasion is usually characterized by long shallow grooves in the concrete surface and spalling along monolith joints. general abrasion and cavitation erosion results in coarse aggregate exposed concrete surface, concrete uneven surface, resulting in holes. In order to prevent the structure to suffer from abrasion the concrete should include the maximum amount of the hardest coarse aggregate that is available and the lowest practical w/c. In addition to this,high-range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRA) and condensed silica fume have been used to develop high compressive strength concrete 97 MPa (14,000 psi) , at this strength the concrete mix assumes a greater role in resisting abrasion-erosion damage. Also vacuum-treated concrete, polymer concrete, polymer-impregnated concrete, and polymer portland cement concrete could also be used to increase the abrasion resistance. In existing structures, balanced flows should be maintained into basins by using all gates to avoid discharge conditions where eddy action is prevalent. ABRASION source:www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca CARBONATION Carbonation is a chemical reaction between atmospheric carbon dioxide and hydrated cement compounds which causes a reduction in the alkalinity of the concrete. The permeability and moisture content of the concrete directly affects the rate of carbonation . Pop-corn like calcite crystals present in carbonated paste. source:www.concrete-experts.com In the process of carbonation the calcium bearing phases present in the concrete mass are attacked by carbon dioxide of the air and converted to calcium carbonate.In this process the alkalinity of the concrete is lowered from an initial pH of around 13.5 to around 8.5 over some years. One method of testing a structure for carbonation is to drill a fresh hole in the surface and then treat the cut surface with phenolphthalein indicator solution. This solution will turn [pink] when in contact with alkaline concrete, making it possible to see the depth of carbonation. In order to combat the process of carbonation aquron products from Allcrete industries could be used which helps in the following ways seals out moisture to a depth of 100mm or more reduces oxygen permeability by a pore-blocking process brings up the alkalinity of the concrete purging and binding chlorides in the colloidal silicate hydrogel formed in the pores and capillaries of the concrete It is to be noted that when Concrete is treated within 24 hours of casting ,it will be protected for life against carbonation problems and aged concrete, once treated, will become immune to further deterioration. CORROSION Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures is well known to be Concrete Cancer, which happens to be a significant area of concern in the area of infrastructure and building across the world. Corrosive species can enter the concrete mix if the ingredients of the concrete mix such as water, aggregates, additives are contaminated.When such corrosive species reacts with the chemical compounds under the porous nature of concrete,the problem of corrosion occurs. Corrosion damage to the reinforcing steel results in the build-up of voluminous corrosion products, generating internal stresses and subsequent cracking and spalling of the concrete as shown schematically in the diagram below: Figure 2source:www.corrosion-club.com source:www.zoranthepainter.com Corrosion mechanism Concrete Cancer The most frightening thing is that the corrosion can be going on under the surface and will not be noticed until the concrete starts visibly disintegrating. The outcome of such corrosion is that concrete reduces its strength and also the steel re-enforcing within the concrete can rust and the pressure this creates can cause the concrete to crack and crumble. Buildings in coastal areas are especially at risk. The preventive measures to avoid such kind of concrete cancer are listed below: Epoxy coating: The concrete structures that are exposed to deicing salt may benifit from use of epoxy-coated, hot dip galvanised or stainless steel rebar. Epoxy coated rebar can easily be identified by the light green colour of its epoxy coating. Applying Sealants: After the process of curing, penetrating sealants must be applied. Sealants include paint, plastic foams, films and aluminum foil, felts or fabric mats sealed with tar, and layers of bentonite clay, sometimes used to seal roadbeds. corrosion inhibitors: calcium nitrite can also be added to the water mix before pouring concrete. Generally, 12 wt. % of calcium nitrate with respect to cement weight is needed to prevent corrosion of the rebars. Extreme weather conditions such as high ambient and concrete temperature, low relative humidity or a mere 40 F or less average daily air temperature for more than 3 consecutive days, tend to impair the quality of freshly mixed or hardened concrete thereby giving detrimental results. Therefore, it becomes imperative to handle concrete with caution both in extreme hot and cold weather. EFFECTS OF HOT WEATHER AND PROPER HANDLING On the compressive strength: When the temperature of concrete is high cement hydrates at a much faster rate, it sucks up water and grows crystals around the aggregate particles but dont have time to grow strong . Although, the early strength will be higher but 28-day strength suffers. If the concrete is about 18 hotter than normal (for example, 88 instead of 70), the ultimate compressive strength of the mix will be about 10% lower. On the colors of integrally colored concrete: under hot weather conditions , slump decreases rapidly as the cement sets up and and more mixing water is needed. In integrally colored concrete,this can lead to variations in water content which can result in significant differences in concrete color between adjacent pours. Surface drying: high concrete temperature and hot dry wind across the concrete can cause more drying and surface shrinkage. Thermal differentials: sometimes the hot weather condition makes one part of the concrete mass warmer than another part. If this differential is greater than about 20F then concrete gets cracks. Difficulty in maintaining air content can be a problem in warm concrete. Mixing is more likely to drive air out of the concrete making the level difficult to control. Dealing with hot weather concreting Plastic shrinkage is a particular problem in hot weather concreting. As a general rule, each 10o F increase in ambient temperature reduces slump about 1. A switch from ASTM C494 Type A to Type D water reducing and set retarding mix may be part of an effective plan for hot-weather concreting. Aggregates forms a major part in a concrete mix so its temperature has the greatest effect on concrete temperature. Shading of aggregate piles is ideal, although not always possible. Using cool water is another way to get cool concrete. Ready mix producers in hot climates use chilled water or ice to lower the concrete temperature. Retarding admixtures can also contribute towards controlling concrete in warm weather. When the concrete is hot, the setting time is very quick .At that time Retarder can be added at the plant or on the job site . Retarders delays the setting time but they also give the concrete more time to dry out, so curing is critical. Retarders come as straight retarders or as water-reducing and retarding admixtures. Mid-range water reducers can increase the air content of the concrete. For concrete that is to be stamped, consider using step retardationadding retarder to the mix after half of the batch or after one-third and two-thirds have been placed. For textured concrete one of the strongest things to do in hot weather is step retardation. In order to avoid slump loss superplasticizer (high-range water reducer) could be used. These admixtures can increase slump without affecting the concretes final strength or appearance. Before placing the concrete on a subgrade wet down everything, subgrade and forms, with cool water so moisture isnt absorbed from the concrete, which can lead to cracking. In order to prevent the evaporation of surface water use a monomolecular film or evaporation retarder as soon as the concrete is down and bull floated. These materials evaporate after a couple of hours. Monomolecular film will prevent plastic shrinkage cracking and surface crusting. In hot and dry weather curing needs to start as soon as finishing operations are completed. A white pigmented curing compound could be used with plain gray concretein order reflect sunshine. Also the white curing blanket could be used for the same purpose. A white pigmented curing compound on plain gray concrete white curing blankets keep the concrete cooler by reflecting can help reflect some heat from the sun the sun In a hot climate, stain the concrete in the coolest part of the day as staining concrete relies on a chemical reaction that happens faster in hot weather.If concrete is stained in 95 to 100 weather ,it can ruin the entire job. Staining is best done early in the day when the concrete is cooler For an overlay installation it is advisable that the concrete surface temperature should be between 50 and 80.Installing an overlay during the hottest part of the day amidst direct sunlight could adversely affect the quality of the result. EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER AND PROPER HANDLING During cold weather until the concrete gains compressive strength of 500psi , it is under threat of either getting freezed up which in turn could break up the matrix or the concrete mix sets at a very slow pace. Below 40F the hydration reaction basically stops and the concrete doesnt gain any further strength. when the ground is cold, the concrete in contact with it will be cold and will set more slowly. This can lead to the problem of crusting, with the top part of the concrete set and the bottom still soft. During the process of shifting the concrete mix from the ready mix plant to the job site there will be some heat loss. While placing concrete in cold it is advisable to remove all snow and ice from that area. Also any standing water should also be removed that could get mixed into the concrete. In case of a frozen land, it is advisable to thaw it using hydronic heat pipes and blankets (such as those from Ground Heaters), or electric blankets (check out Power Blanket). It is also suggested to Warm up anything that will come in contact with the concrete, including forms and any embedments, to at least 32F. Covering everything with tarps the day before the pour, will keep it dry and warm enough.also blankets could be used for the same purpose as well. Place triple layers of insulating blankets at corners and edges that could freeze. Wrap any protruding rebars. Make sure the blankets wont blow off during the night. Ground heaters Inc Portland cement association While placing decorative concrete in cold weather it is suggested to use a dial pocket thermometer or an infrared thermometer to test the concrete temperature as it is needed to be kept above 50F for the concrete to keep gaining strength. Also on exterior concrete, customers should be reminded to keep deicing chemicals off the surface during the first winter. Deicers can lead to spalling of newer concrete. During the process of finishing concrete in cold weather, it is advisable to let all the bleed water to evaporate first otherwise water-cement ratio would increase surface of concrete would get weak. Bleed water is basically the concrete particles settling (like mud in a stirred up pond) and squeezing out all the extra water. Vacuums can also be used for this purpose. It should also be noted that sealing concrete in cold weather conditions is very risky. Power blanket Layfield Group In order to keep the slab warm hydronic heating pipes or electric heating blankets could be used. These are laid on top of the slab and insulated. Also, in case it is too cold to even place the concrete, then the only option left is to enclose the work and heat the air. In case of an enclosure,it is required to consider the potential problem of carbonation. With unvented heaters (salamanders), or even with gas-powered equipment, the carbon dioxide levels can increase. This carbon reacts with the concrete, creating a chalky carbonated layer at the surface which is unacceptable. To fix this problem use heaters that exhaust to the outside of an enclosure or building and just blow in warm air. Maintain the concrete temperature above 40 degree

Reforming Australian Legal Education to match Canadian Essay -- Austra

Legal Education in Australia On January 25, 2005 one of Canada’s most respected law schools, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University (Osgoode), announced the launch of its new LL.B./JD programme with New York University Law School (NYU). The program provides an opportunity for students to earn both a Canadian LL.B. and a U.S. (ABA - American Bar Association approved) JD degree in four years. An LL.B. is a three-year Canadian law degree. A JD is a three-year U.S. law degree. A JD that is â€Å"ABA† approved allows U.S. law graduates to take the bar exam in any U.S. state. The program has been structured so that students will do two back-to-back years at Osgoode and two back-to-back years at New York University Law School. Students will receive both the LL.B. and JD degrees at the end of the fourth year. It is necessary to note that Osgoode Hall is not the only school to enjoin with an American university. Both Windsor and Ottawa have already established bilateral degree arrangements with U.S. law schools. Windsor has partnered with the University of Detroit whereas Ottawa has partnered with both Michigan State University as well as American University in Washington. Effectively, therefore, three of Canada’s seventeen law schools now have agreements with U.S. law schools allowing students to graduate with both Canadian and U.S. law degrees. In addition, McGill University in Montreal awards students both civil and common law degrees in three years. Commentators have suggested that it is only a matter of time before other Canadian schools will seek to establish similar programmes. 2 Like Australia, common law Canada has historically conferred the law qualification in the form of a Bachelor of Laws or LL.B. However, in recent times ... ...donesia. She is a former shop assistant and beauty student from Queensland. She was sentenced on May 27, 2005 and is currently serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Indonesia. Despite the conviction, Corby maintains that the drugs were planted in her bag, and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. 2 The ‘Bali Nine’ is the name given to nine Australian citizens arrested on 17 April 2005 in Denpasar on the island of Bali, Indonesia, in a plan to smuggle 8.3kg of heroin valued at approximately $4 million from Indonesia to Australia. Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tac Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran, all aged between 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests, were convicted. Several have been handed the death penalty.

Why Did the Vikings Invade England?

During the 700’s, the Vikings began to raid English monasteries and churches to trade and sell. The Anglo-Saxons at the time had never seen such merciless men. In the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, the Vikings are described as ‘sea-borne pagans’, as all of the Vikings came on huge war-ships from what we would now refer to as Scandinavia. The Vikings had originally come from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, and they were certainly very vicious people. The first raids came in the late 700’s, and began as just bloody, frightening raids.The first recorded were of unprotected monasteries on the south coast of England- Lindisfarne, in 793; Jarrow, in 794; and Iona, in 795. And although these raids were terrifying for the Anglo-Saxons, they were yet unaware of the blood-shed and fear to come†¦ In 835, Kent was attacked, and no stone was left unturned in the Vikings’ search for valuable treasure. Everything was a mess and the Saxons were panicking, but this Kentish raid unexpectedly lead to a full-scale invasion 30 years later. By the 840s, the Vikings were heavily involved in over-seas trading and raiding, and had travelled all over most of Europe.But this, it would seem, was not enough. The land in Scandinavia could not suffice to feed the over-populated region, whereas the land in England was healthy, and ready to be used- or stolen. The Vikings would have known where the majority of the unprotected churches and monasteries were in Europe and Russia, and they used this to their advantage. Casual raids became expected by the 850s and eventually converted to huge invasions and settlements, which of course would mean England. By 860, the Vikings were settled in Britain- arriving in hundreds and thousands from the two main routes they used to raid and invade†¦

Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition

Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition By Daniel Scocco I am pretty sure we have many poets and wanna-be poets among our readers (not to mention the ones who just like to read poetry), so it was about time to run a DWT Poetry Competition. First of all here are some good reasons for you to participate: The winner will receive a $100 Amazon gift card. The three runners-up will receive a free license for the Fanurio billing software. Youll get people reading and giving feedback on your poems. Are you in? Good, now just read the rules: The deadline for the submission is the 1st of March 2010 (midnight GMT). Submissions must be made via email to daniel@dailywritingtips.com (Send your poem either in the body of the email, or as a .doc attachment) The poem must be in English, original, and must not have been published in the past. By taking part on the competition you allow us to publish your poem online (it will stay on the blog even after the competition). But you retain all the publishing rights over the material. From March 2nd onward well publish a batch of poems every Tuesday, and our readers will be able to vote on their favorite poems, until we elect the winner. It is time to reveal the Robert Frost or the Emily Dickinson you have inside! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Competitions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to Know5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Using Que as a Conjunction in Spanish

Using Que as a Conjunction in Spanish Using the Spanish  Although que is most often used as a relative pronoun in Spanish it is also frequently used as a subordinating conjunction. The distinction may not seem obvious to English speakers, because que in both cases is usually translated as that. However, the distinction is important in some situations, such as those listed below when translating that after a noun. Forming Sentences With Que as a Conjunction Que is used as a conjunction in the following sentence construction: Main or independent clause que dependent clause. The main clause includes a subject and verb, although the subject may be understood rather than explicitly stated. The dependent clause also has a subject and verb (although the subject again may be implied) and could stand alone as a sentence, but it depends on the main clause to indicate its significance. The usage is similar in English: Main clause that as a conjunction dependent clause. The main difference is that in English it is common to omit that, while que is nearly always mandatory. A simple example should make this clearer. In the sentence Olivia sabe que Francisco est enfermo (Olivia knows that Francisco is sick), Olivia sabe (Olivia knows) is the main clause, que is a conjunction, and Francisco est enfermo (Francisco is sick) is the dependent clause. Note that Olivia sabe and Francisco est enfermo each has a subject and verb. Note that when que functions as a conjunction, it never is accented to form quà ©, which is a pronoun. Examples of Que as a Conjunction Here are some other examples of que as a conjunction: Todos creemos que fue un asesinato. (We all believe (that) it was a murder.)Esperamos que este fin de semana sea ms productivo. (We are hoping (that) this weekend will be more productive.)Quiero que me quieras. (I want you to love me. Literally, I want that you love me.)No creà ­ que fuera fisicamente posible. (I didnt believe (that) it was physically possible.Predigo que la banca mà ³vil expandir en el futuro. (I predict (that) mobile banking will expand in the future.) When De Que Should be Used If the main clause ends in a noun, de que is used as a conjunction instead of que: Tengo el miedo de que sea un virus. (I am afraid (that) it is a virus.) ¿Tienes celos de que Andrew pase tiempo con Lauren? (Are you jealous (that) Andrew is spending time with Lauren?)Hizo el anuncio de que el primer sencillo de su segundo lbum se llamarà ­a  «Move ». (He made the announcement (that) the first single from his second album would be called Move.) Note, however, that when que is used as a relative pronoun after a noun, de que cannot be used. An example: Hizo an anuncio que nos sorprendià ³. He made an announcement that surprised us. One way whether you can tell that que in the above example is a relative pronoun is that you could translate it as which and still make sense (i.e., he made an announcement which surprised us). But in the examples above where de que is used, that and not which must be used in translation. When a verb or a phrase is commonly followed by de and an infinitive or noun, often de que followed by a clause can be used instead: Estoy cansado de que me mientan. (I am tired of them lying to me. Literally, I am tired that they lie to me.)Estamos felices de que haya boda. (We are happy (that) there was a wedding.)No me olvidà ³ de que la literatura puede servir de entretenimiento. (I didnt forget (that) literature can serve as entertainment.) Using the Subjunctive Mood with Que It is very common for the verb in the clause following que or de que to be in the subjunctive mood. This typically occurs with the clause before que is used to express doubt, hope, negation, or an emotional reaction. Dudamos que su coche pueda funcionar. (We doubt (that) her car can run.)Tus amigos y yo esperamos que vengas pronto. (Your friends and I hope (that) youre coming soon.)No existe la posibilidad de que las plataformas de Xbox y PlayStation se unan. (The possibility doesnt exist (that) the Xbox and PlayStation platforms will merge together.)Me sorprendià ³ que la pizza se sirve con pià ±a. (It surprised me (that) the pizza is served with pineapple.) Key Takeaways Que functions as a conjunction when it comes between two clauses.When the first clause ends in a noun, the conjunction becomes de que.Que or de que as a conjunction is usually translated as that, which is often optional in English.